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The Convoy of 35 (or the Lamed He, which stands for "thirty five" in Hebrew numerals), was a convoy of Haganah fighters sent during the 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine on a mission to reach by foot and resupply the blockaded kibbutzim of Gush Etzion in January 1948, after earlier motorized convoys had been attacked. They were spotted before they could reach their target and killed in a prolonged battle by Arab irregulars and local villagers. ==History== On 16 January 1948, a convoy of 38 men was sent by the Haganah to deliver supplies to the four blockaded kibbutzim of Gush Etzion, south of Jerusalem, following an Arab attack on January 14.〔Gershom Gorenberg (2007) ''The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967-1977'' Macmillan, ISBN 0-8050-8241-7 p 20〕 The unit, named in Hebrew "Machleket HaHar" (lit. Mountain Platoon), set out on foot from Hartuv at 11 p.m. on January 15, commanded by Daniel Mass. They took a detour around the Palestine Police station, a Tegart fort, to avoid detection by the British.〔Arieh O'Sullivan, A Magnificent Disaster, ''Jerusalem Post'', Jan 16, 1998〕 Three were sent back because one man sprained an ankle, and two accompanied him. The remaining 35 were killed by Arab villagers and militiamen between the villages of Jaba' and Surif.〔Dov Knoh (1958) ''Siege in the hills of Hebron: the battle of the Etzion Bloc'' p 102〕 The fate of the 35 was reconstructed from British and Arab reports. The six hours of night that remained did not suffice for the trip. About an hour before the convoy reached their destination, it became light. Their presence was discovered by two Arab women who encountered two scouts of the group near Surif.〔Nadav Shragai, The legend of ambushed Palmach squad '35', ''Haaretz.com english edition'', http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1081380.html, April 27, 2009, last accessed May 2, 2009〕 (An earlier version, that the soldiers were discovered by an Arab shepherd who they graciously let go, was based on a eulogy written by Ben-Gurion and is apparently apocryphal.〔) A large number of armed villagers from Surif and other communities gathered to block the way. The battle was fought in two stages, four hours apart, with hundreds of Arabs from a nearby training base taking part.〔Newspaper interview with Yohanan Ben-Yaakov: "The 35's Second Battle" (הקרב השני של הל"ה), Makor Rishon, 14 January 2005. .〕 The Haganah force battled until it ran out of ammunition. The last of the 35 was apparently killed at about 4:30 p.m. Among the dead were Tuvia Kushnir, one of the country's most promising botanists,〔(Rare flower discovered after 60 years, Haaretz )〕 Moshe Perlstein, an American-born World War II veteran who had made aliyah in 1947, and three members of the Hebrew Communist Party.〔The Scotsman, Monday 19 January 1948: "The dead include three members of the Hebrew Communist Party. Also an American. Moshe Periman, a former GI of Brooklyn, New York. He is the first American killed in the Palestinian civil war."〕〔(Moshe Avigdor Perlstein )〕 A phone conversation about the battle was intercepted by the Irgun, in which it was heard that many were killed and some were wounded.〔 After no word of the 35 had been received for a long time and wounded Arabs started arriving at Hebron, the British dispatched a platoon of the Royal Sussex Regiment to investigate. After threatening and exhorting the village mukhtars and notables, the British were led to the site of the battle where they found the bodies of the 35. According to some reports many of the bodies had been mutilated, some beyond recognition.〔 According to one account the last three Jews to die blew themselves up with a grenade. This account also reports that several Arab sources claimed a young woman was amongst those killed, and that to restore public confidence in the Jewish fighting forces the Palmach launched an attack on the village of Sa'sa' on 14 February in which 60 villagers were killed.〔Kurzman, Don (1970) ''Genesis 1948. The First Arab-Israeli War.'' An Nal Book, New York. Library of Congress number 77-96925. pp.52,53〕 A contemporary report puts the number of casualties in Sa'sa at 11 killed and 3 wounded,〔New York Times, Feb 16, 1948, page 1.〕 but official sources confirm the figure of 60 killed with 20 houses destroyed. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Convoy of 35」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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